Experiences of Pervasive Stigma Contributing to Mental Health Problems among People Living with HIV

Despite substantial advancements in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention, HIV-related stigma remains a key barrier to achieving the UNAIDS global goal of ending AIDS by 2030. This study examined the pervasive stigma experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in a secondary health facility in Ghana, exploring its manifestations and impact on mental health. A qualitative exploratory research design was used, involving in-depth interviews with 27 purposively selected PLHIV (aged 25–50 years) between July and November 2024. Participants were recruited from antiretroviral therapy unit of the secondary health facility. Thematic analysis was conducted using Atlas.ti (Version 12), with independent coding and categorization of emerging themes following Braun and Clarke's six-phase framework. Multiple stigma dimensions were identified, including enacted, felt, and self-stigma. Participants reported discrimination from healthcare providers, social isolation, and self-stigmatization, which intensified mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression. Fear of judgment discourages healthcare engagement, reduces adherence to ART, and worsens health outcomes. Stigma negatively affects the mental health of PLHIV. Addressing stigma requires targeted interventions, including stigma-reduction training for healthcare providers, mental health support programs, and policy measures to foster inclusive healthcare environments. By mitigating stigma, health systems can improve both psychological well-being and ART adherence among PLHIV.