Public bus passenger safety evaluations in Ghana: a phenomenological constructivist exploration

Notwithstanding the growing body of literature that recognises the importance of personal
safety to public transport (PT) users, it remains unclear what PT users consider regarding
their safety. In this study, we explore the criteria PT users in Ghana use to assess bus safety.
This knowledge will afford a better understanding of PT users’ risk perceptions and assessments
which may contribute to theoretical models of PT risk perceptions. We utilised phenomenological
research methodology, with data drawn from 61 purposively sampled
participants. Data collection (through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews)
and analyses were done concurrently to the point of saturation. Our inductive data coding
and analyses through the constant comparison and content analytic techniques resulted in
4 code categories (conceptual dimensions), 27 codes (safety items/criteria), and 100
quotations (data segments). The vehicle condition, driver’s marital status and transport
operator’s safety records were the most important criteria participants use in assessing
bus safety. These findings imply that investment in, and maintenance of safer vehicles,
and responsible and safety-conscious drivers, and prioritisation of passengers’ safety are
key-targets for public bus/minibus operators in Ghana.