Spatial analysis of synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development goals in African

Challenges faced by African countries in achieving the goals of sustainable development are similar and trans
boundary. Previous analysis of Africa’s progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has largely been
non-spatial, reducing the ability to find spatial relationships between countries and SDGs to help cooperation
and proffer country-specific interventions. This study adopted techniques of exploratory and inferential spatial
statistics to assess the successes of African countries from 2016 to 2020 in achieving the goals of sustainable de
velopment. Also, the study sought to understand how the spatial synergies and trade-offs between SDGs vary per
country and time. The results revealed that spatial hotspots of countries with high SDGs scores were mostly con
fined to northern African countries with significant coldspots within central and eastern Africa and few patches
in western and southern Africa for 2016. In 2020, the number of countries forming hotspots reduced, with Cen
tral African countries as significant cold spots. Five main spatial relationships: positive linear, negative linear,
concave, convex and undefined complex, were found among countries and the SDGs. However, these spatial
relationships were fluid as they changed over time and with different levels of influence from 2016 to 2020.
The study concludes that generic solutions and policies by development agencies, governments, development
finance instiutions and other impact investors will not be enough in achieving the SDGs because of the spatial
heterogeneity of the continent. Tailored and country-specific policies based on results of spatial statistics matter.